PENGARUH KADAR INSULIN PADA RATTUS NORVEGICUS MODEL SOPK DENGAN RESISTENSI INSULIN YANG DIBERI EKSTRAK SAMBILOTO
Keywords:
Insulin, Rattus Norvegicus, Model SOPK, Ekstrak Sambiloto
Abstract
Tanaman sambiloto sering digunakan digunakan sebagai diuretika. Ekstrak sambiloto yang memiliki kandungan salah satunya diantaranya yaitu Diterpe lactone dimana dapat merangsang pelepasan insulin dan menghambat absorbsi glukosa melalui penghambatan enzim alfaglukosidase dan alfa-amilase yang dapat menurunkan kadar gula darah serta meningkatkan sensitivitas insulin melalui peningkatkan reseptor GLUT-4 sehingga menurunkan kadar insulin. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mempelajari pengaruh kadar insulin pada rattus norvegicus model sopk dengan resistensi insulin yang diberi ekstrak sambiloto, yang diamati kadar insulin. Penelitian ini eksperimen laboratories, jenis rancangan acak lengkap dengan kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan sebanyak 25 ekor tikus putih (Ratus norvegicus) dibagi secara acak menjadi 5 kelompok masing- masing terdiri 5 ekor tikus putih. Kelompok kontrol (K) ada 2 yaitu K- tidak mendapat perlakuan, K+ dibuat model SOPK- resistensi insulin dengan pemberian testosterone propionate 28 hari. Kelompok perlakuan ekstrak sambiloto dosis 18 mg/ 100g bb /hari, kelompok perlakuan ekstrak sambiloto dosis 36 mg/ 100g bb /hari, kelompok perlakuan ekstrak sambiloto dosis 72 mg/ 100g bb /hari. Pemberian perlakuan diberikan satu kali sehari, dilaksanakan selama 4 siklus birahi tikus putih atau 15 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rerata dari hasil dari uji Manova diperoleh nilai signifikansi 0.554 (p>0,05) artinya tidak adanya perubahan yang nyata antara kadar insulin kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan. Kadar insulin yang tidak ada perubahan bermakna, mengindikasikan kemungkinan ekstrak sambiloto belum dapat memperbaiki keadaan insulin dengan memiliki jumlah reseptor insulin kurang, mengakibatkan penurunan sensitivitas insulin sehingga menyebabkan terjadinya keadaan hiperinsulinemia. Dengan asumsi ekstrak sambiloto belum mampu memperbaiki keadaaan kadar insulin, kemungkinan dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor diantaranya jumlah dosis pemberian
References
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and endocrine features and response to pulsatile gonadotropin releasing hormone’. Lancet: 1375-1379
Adashi EY. 1996. Hyperinsulinemic Androgenisme : ‘A Pathophysiologic Paradox’. In : Chang RJ. Polycistic Ovary Syndrome. Serono Symposia USA Inc. Massachusetts.: 245-64
ADA. 1997.’Consensus Development Conference on Insulin Resistance’. 5-6 November. Diabetes Care, Vol. 21: 2;310. Available online at: http://www.diabetes.org/Diabetes Care/ 1998-02/pg 310
Apter D, Butzow T, Laughlin GA and Yen SS. 1994. ‘Accelerated 24 Hour luteinizing hormone pulsatile activity in adolescent grils with hyperandrogenisme’ : relevance to developmental phase of polycystic ovarian syndrome. J. Clin Endrocrinol metab.79 :1 : 119-25
Azziz R. 2002 . Editorial ; ‘Polycyctic Ovary Syndrome , Insulin Resistence and Moleculer Defect of Insulin Signaling’. The Journal of Cinical Endocrinology and metabolism. 87: 9 : 4085
Balen AH and Dunger D. 1995. ‘Pubertal maturation of the internal genitalia. Ultrasound Obstet’. Gynecol. 6: 164-165
Battaglia C, Regnani G, Petraglia F, Primavera MR, Salvatori M and Volpie A. 1999. ’Polycystic ovary syndrome : is always bilateral Ultrasound Obstet’. Gynecol.14: 183
Brassard and Maryse. 2008. ‘Basic Infertility Including Polycystic Ovary Syndrom’ .Med Clin N Am. 92 : 1163–1192
Bonora E, Targher MD, Alberiche M, Bonadonna RC, Saggiani F and Zenere MB. 2000. ‘Homeostatis Model Assesment Closely Mirrors the Glucose Clamp Tekhnique in the Assesment of Insulin Sensitivity’. Diabetic Care. 23: 57-63
Campbell S, Goessens L, Goswamy R and Whitehead M. 1982 ‘Real-time ultrasonography for determination of ovarian morphology and volume’. Lancet, 1: 425-428
Cheung AP, Lu JKH, Chang RJ. 1996. ‘Hypothalamic-Pituitary Dynamics in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome’. Serono Symposia USA Inc. Massachusetts. 254 – 64
Deng WL. 1978. Preliminary studies on the Pharmacology of the Andrographis product sodium succinat .
Depkes RI. 2009. Farmakope Herbal Indonesia. Departemen Kesehatan RI, Jakarta
Dewailly D, Robert Y, Helin I, Ardaens Y, Thomas-Desrousseaux P, Lemaitre L and Fossati P. 1994. ‘Ovarian stromal hypertrophy in hyperandrogenic women’. Clin. Endocrinol. 41: 557-562
Dewailly D. 1997. Definition and significance of polycystic ovaries. In Rosenfield, R.L. (ed.). ‘Hyperandrogenic States and Hirsutism. Balliere's Clin’. Obstet. Gynaecol.11: 349-368
Dunaif A. 1989. Segal KR, Futterweit W. ‘Profound peripheral Insulin Resistenace, Independent of Obesity’. in Polycistic Ovary syndrome. Diabetes: 57
Dunaif A.1995. Hyperandrogenic anovulation (PCOS) ; ‘a Unique Disorders of Insulin Action associated with an increased Risk of Insulin Action Associated with an Increased Risk of Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Melitus’. Am J Med : 98
Dunaif A. 1999. ‘Insulin Action in The Polycystic Ovary Syndrome’.
Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics. Vol. 28: 2: 341-59
Dunaif A. 1996. ‘Finegood DT. Β Cell Dysfunction Independent of Obesity and Glucose Intolerance in The Polycystic Ovary Syndrome’. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. Vol. 51: 3; 942-7
Enhrmann DA, Barness RB and Rosenfiled RL. ‘Polycistic ovary syndrome asa a form of functional ovarian hyperandrogenisme due to dysregulation of androgen secretion Endocr Rev’. 1995; 16 3; 322-53
Fox R, Corrigan E, Thomas PA and Hull MG. 1991. ‘The diagnosis of polycystic ovaries in women with oligo-amenorrhoea: predictive power of endocrine tests’. Clin. Endocrinol.Oxf.34: 127-131
Fox R. 1999. ‘Transvaginal ultrasound appearances of the ovary in normal women and hirsute women with oligomenorrhoea’. Aust. NZ. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 39.pp 63-68
Gill S, Taylor AE, Martin KA, Welt CK, Adams JM, Hall JE, 2001. ‘Specific factors Predict the Response to Pulsatile Gonadotropn – Releasing Hormone Therapy in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome’. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 86: 2428-2436
Goldstein SR. 1991. Endovaginal Ultrasound. 2nd Ed. New York: Wiley-Liss Kumalasari LOR. 2006. ‘Pemanfaatan Obat Tradisional dengan Pertimbangan
Manfaat dan Keamanannya’. Majalah Ilmu Kefarmasian, Vol. III, No. 1, April 2006, 01-07
Lobo RA, Granger L, Goebelsmann U, 1981. ‘Elevations in Unbound serum estradol as a possible mechanism for inappropriate gonadotropin secretion in women with PCO’. Clin Endocrinol metab. 52:1 ; 156-58
Lobo RA. 1996. ‘Unifying Concept for Polycistic Ovary Syndrome. In : Chang RJ, Plycistic Ovary Syndrome’. Serono Symposia USA Inc. Massachusetts.: 334 – 52
Legro RS, 1998. ‘Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Current and Future Treatment Paradigms’. In: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Metabolic Challenges and New Treatment Options. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Vol 179: 6. Part 2; 101-13
Marshall JC, Eagleson CA. 1999. ‘Neuroendocrine aspects of plycytic ovary syndrome’. Endocrinol Metab Clin NA. 28: 2; 295-324
Matthews DR, Hoskes JP, Naylor BA, TreacherDF, Turner RC. 1985. ‘Homeostatis model assessment : insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man.diabetologia’. 28: 412-19
Mose JC. 2001. ‘Diagnosis PCO : USG atau Laparoskopi’ Simposium Polikistik Ovarium dalam rangka PIT XII POGI. Juli. Palembang
Nestler JE. 2008.’ Metformin for the treatment of the polycystic ovary syndrome’. N Engl J Med; 358: 47–54
Niranjan A, Tewari SK, Lehry A. 2010. ‘Biological activities Of Kalmegh (A.paniculata Ness) and its active principles’, Ind. J. Nat. Prod. Res., 1;2: 125-135
Naiyana T. 2002. Effects of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F) Nees on ferformance, mortality, & coccidiosis in broiler chickens [disertasi]. Gottingen: Georg-August-University Gottingen, Germany
Norman RJ, Davies MJ, Lord J, Moran LJ. 2002. ‘The role of lifestyle modification in polycystic ovary syndrome’. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 13: 251–25
Palmert MR., Gordon CM, Kartashov AI. 2002. ‘Screening for Abnormal Glucose Tolerance in Adolescent with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome’. In: Endocrine Care of Special Interest to the Practice if Endocrinology. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vol. 87:3; 1017- 1023
Peters AL. 2000. ‘The Clinical Implications of Insulin Resistance’. The American Journal of Managed Care, Vol.6: 13; S668-81
Rohimah. 1997. Identifikasi Flavonoid yang memiliki Antifungal dari Damar (Hopea mangarawan) dan Shorea leptosula [skripsi]. Bogor : Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Institut Pertanian Bogor
Riesma Viovica. 2011.http://riesmaviovica.blogspot.com/2011/10/polycystic- ovary-syndrome-pcos.html
Santoso B, Widjiati and Muttaqin DA. 2008. Jurnal Pengaruh Lama Paparan Androgen terhadap Indeks Resistensi Insulin dan Kadar Asam Lemak Bebas pada Serum Tikus Model Sindroma Ovarium Polikistik
Shao J et al, 2004. Physical Activity / Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetic Care 27 (10): 2518- 2539
Samsulhadi. 2002. ‘Obesitas dan Kesehatan Reproduksi Wanita’ (Aplikasi Klinis berbasis moleculer) Dalam Tjokroprawiro A, Hendromartono,Sutjahyo Ari,Tandra A.National Obesity Simposium I,Hal 75-83
Subramanian R, Asmawi MZ, Sadikun A. 2008. ‘In vitro alpha-glucosidase and alphaamylase enzyme inhibitory effects of Andrographis paniculata extract and andrographolide’. Acta, J. Biochem. Pol.,55(2):391-398
Sriningsih, Adji SW, Sumaryono W, Wibowo AE, Caidir, Firdayani, Kusumaningrum S, Kartakusuma P. 2002. ‘Analisa Senyawa Golongan Flavonoid Herba Tempuyung’ (Sonchus arvensis L), JSTF. Hal 21-25
Salehi M, Bravo-Vera R, Sheik A,Goulier A, Poretsky L. 2004. ‘Patogenesis of Policystic Ovary Sindrome : what is the rule of obesity? Metabolism, 35: 358-76
Speroff L, Glass kase NG. 1999. ‘Anovulation and the Polycistic Ovary. In : Clinical Gynecological Endocrinology and Infertility’. 5th edition. Williams and Wilkins Baltimore. USA. pp 421 – 522
Speroff L FM. 2005. ‘Female infertility. In Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinolology and Infertility’.7th ed. Philadelphialippincott William & Wilkin pp 1014-67
Solomon CG. 1999. ‘The Epidemiology of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Prevalence and Associated Disease Risk’. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics, Vol. 28:2; 247-538
Sherwood, Lauralee . 2001.’Fisiologi Manusia dari Sel ke Sistem’. Jakarta : EGC
Syamsuhidayat SS, Hutapea JR. 1991. Inventaris tanaman obat Indonesia (1). Badan Pengembangan dan Penelitian Kesehatan. Departemen Kesehatan RI, Jakarta. Pp:54-55.
Sudiatso S. 2001. Diktat Pharmakognosy. Bogor : Jurusan Budidaya Pertanian Fakultas Pertanian, Institut pertanian bogor. Pp : 36-39.
The Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM – Sponsored Consensus Workshop Group Revised 2003 Consesnsus on Diagnostic Criteria and Long – term Helth Risks Related to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Fertility and Sterility. 81:1; 19-25
Taylor AE. 2000. ‘Insulin-Lowering Medications in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome’. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics, Vol. 27: 3
Thatcher SS. What is Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) News & Article Obgyn.net. http://www.obgyn.net/displayarticle.asp/pcos
Utami P dan Tim Lentera. 2003. Tanaman Obat untuk Mengatasi Diabetes Mellitus Cetakan Ketiga. Yogyakarta: PT. Agromedia
Wibudi A. 2006. Mekanisme kerja Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Nees) sebagai anti diabetes. [disertasi]. Bogor: Sekolah Pasca Sarjana IPB.
Wuragil DK. 2006. Potensi Ekstrak Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) Terhadap Kadar Glukosa Darah dan Keberadaan Tumor Nekrosis Faktor Alfa Pada Pankreas Tikus (Rattus norvegicus) Diabetes Hasil Paparan MLD-STZ. Skripsi Jurusan Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam. Malang: Universitas Brawijaya
Yeh HC, Futterweit W and Thornton JC. 1987. ‘Polycystic ovarian disease : US features in 104 patients’. Radiology, 163 : 111-622
Yulinah E, Sukrasno, Fitri MA. 2011, ‘Aktivitas Antidiabetika Ekstrak Etanol Herba Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Nees (Acanthaceae)’, JMS ITB Vol. 6
and endocrine features and response to pulsatile gonadotropin releasing hormone’. Lancet: 1375-1379
Adashi EY. 1996. Hyperinsulinemic Androgenisme : ‘A Pathophysiologic Paradox’. In : Chang RJ. Polycistic Ovary Syndrome. Serono Symposia USA Inc. Massachusetts.: 245-64
ADA. 1997.’Consensus Development Conference on Insulin Resistance’. 5-6 November. Diabetes Care, Vol. 21: 2;310. Available online at: http://www.diabetes.org/Diabetes Care/ 1998-02/pg 310
Apter D, Butzow T, Laughlin GA and Yen SS. 1994. ‘Accelerated 24 Hour luteinizing hormone pulsatile activity in adolescent grils with hyperandrogenisme’ : relevance to developmental phase of polycystic ovarian syndrome. J. Clin Endrocrinol metab.79 :1 : 119-25
Azziz R. 2002 . Editorial ; ‘Polycyctic Ovary Syndrome , Insulin Resistence and Moleculer Defect of Insulin Signaling’. The Journal of Cinical Endocrinology and metabolism. 87: 9 : 4085
Balen AH and Dunger D. 1995. ‘Pubertal maturation of the internal genitalia. Ultrasound Obstet’. Gynecol. 6: 164-165
Battaglia C, Regnani G, Petraglia F, Primavera MR, Salvatori M and Volpie A. 1999. ’Polycystic ovary syndrome : is always bilateral Ultrasound Obstet’. Gynecol.14: 183
Brassard and Maryse. 2008. ‘Basic Infertility Including Polycystic Ovary Syndrom’ .Med Clin N Am. 92 : 1163–1192
Bonora E, Targher MD, Alberiche M, Bonadonna RC, Saggiani F and Zenere MB. 2000. ‘Homeostatis Model Assesment Closely Mirrors the Glucose Clamp Tekhnique in the Assesment of Insulin Sensitivity’. Diabetic Care. 23: 57-63
Campbell S, Goessens L, Goswamy R and Whitehead M. 1982 ‘Real-time ultrasonography for determination of ovarian morphology and volume’. Lancet, 1: 425-428
Cheung AP, Lu JKH, Chang RJ. 1996. ‘Hypothalamic-Pituitary Dynamics in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome’. Serono Symposia USA Inc. Massachusetts. 254 – 64
Deng WL. 1978. Preliminary studies on the Pharmacology of the Andrographis product sodium succinat .
Depkes RI. 2009. Farmakope Herbal Indonesia. Departemen Kesehatan RI, Jakarta
Dewailly D, Robert Y, Helin I, Ardaens Y, Thomas-Desrousseaux P, Lemaitre L and Fossati P. 1994. ‘Ovarian stromal hypertrophy in hyperandrogenic women’. Clin. Endocrinol. 41: 557-562
Dewailly D. 1997. Definition and significance of polycystic ovaries. In Rosenfield, R.L. (ed.). ‘Hyperandrogenic States and Hirsutism. Balliere's Clin’. Obstet. Gynaecol.11: 349-368
Dunaif A. 1989. Segal KR, Futterweit W. ‘Profound peripheral Insulin Resistenace, Independent of Obesity’. in Polycistic Ovary syndrome. Diabetes: 57
Dunaif A.1995. Hyperandrogenic anovulation (PCOS) ; ‘a Unique Disorders of Insulin Action associated with an increased Risk of Insulin Action Associated with an Increased Risk of Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Melitus’. Am J Med : 98
Dunaif A. 1999. ‘Insulin Action in The Polycystic Ovary Syndrome’.
Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics. Vol. 28: 2: 341-59
Dunaif A. 1996. ‘Finegood DT. Β Cell Dysfunction Independent of Obesity and Glucose Intolerance in The Polycystic Ovary Syndrome’. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. Vol. 51: 3; 942-7
Enhrmann DA, Barness RB and Rosenfiled RL. ‘Polycistic ovary syndrome asa a form of functional ovarian hyperandrogenisme due to dysregulation of androgen secretion Endocr Rev’. 1995; 16 3; 322-53
Fox R, Corrigan E, Thomas PA and Hull MG. 1991. ‘The diagnosis of polycystic ovaries in women with oligo-amenorrhoea: predictive power of endocrine tests’. Clin. Endocrinol.Oxf.34: 127-131
Fox R. 1999. ‘Transvaginal ultrasound appearances of the ovary in normal women and hirsute women with oligomenorrhoea’. Aust. NZ. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 39.pp 63-68
Gill S, Taylor AE, Martin KA, Welt CK, Adams JM, Hall JE, 2001. ‘Specific factors Predict the Response to Pulsatile Gonadotropn – Releasing Hormone Therapy in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome’. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 86: 2428-2436
Goldstein SR. 1991. Endovaginal Ultrasound. 2nd Ed. New York: Wiley-Liss Kumalasari LOR. 2006. ‘Pemanfaatan Obat Tradisional dengan Pertimbangan
Manfaat dan Keamanannya’. Majalah Ilmu Kefarmasian, Vol. III, No. 1, April 2006, 01-07
Lobo RA, Granger L, Goebelsmann U, 1981. ‘Elevations in Unbound serum estradol as a possible mechanism for inappropriate gonadotropin secretion in women with PCO’. Clin Endocrinol metab. 52:1 ; 156-58
Lobo RA. 1996. ‘Unifying Concept for Polycistic Ovary Syndrome. In : Chang RJ, Plycistic Ovary Syndrome’. Serono Symposia USA Inc. Massachusetts.: 334 – 52
Legro RS, 1998. ‘Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Current and Future Treatment Paradigms’. In: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Metabolic Challenges and New Treatment Options. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Vol 179: 6. Part 2; 101-13
Marshall JC, Eagleson CA. 1999. ‘Neuroendocrine aspects of plycytic ovary syndrome’. Endocrinol Metab Clin NA. 28: 2; 295-324
Matthews DR, Hoskes JP, Naylor BA, TreacherDF, Turner RC. 1985. ‘Homeostatis model assessment : insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man.diabetologia’. 28: 412-19
Mose JC. 2001. ‘Diagnosis PCO : USG atau Laparoskopi’ Simposium Polikistik Ovarium dalam rangka PIT XII POGI. Juli. Palembang
Nestler JE. 2008.’ Metformin for the treatment of the polycystic ovary syndrome’. N Engl J Med; 358: 47–54
Niranjan A, Tewari SK, Lehry A. 2010. ‘Biological activities Of Kalmegh (A.paniculata Ness) and its active principles’, Ind. J. Nat. Prod. Res., 1;2: 125-135
Naiyana T. 2002. Effects of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F) Nees on ferformance, mortality, & coccidiosis in broiler chickens [disertasi]. Gottingen: Georg-August-University Gottingen, Germany
Norman RJ, Davies MJ, Lord J, Moran LJ. 2002. ‘The role of lifestyle modification in polycystic ovary syndrome’. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 13: 251–25
Palmert MR., Gordon CM, Kartashov AI. 2002. ‘Screening for Abnormal Glucose Tolerance in Adolescent with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome’. In: Endocrine Care of Special Interest to the Practice if Endocrinology. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vol. 87:3; 1017- 1023
Peters AL. 2000. ‘The Clinical Implications of Insulin Resistance’. The American Journal of Managed Care, Vol.6: 13; S668-81
Rohimah. 1997. Identifikasi Flavonoid yang memiliki Antifungal dari Damar (Hopea mangarawan) dan Shorea leptosula [skripsi]. Bogor : Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Institut Pertanian Bogor
Riesma Viovica. 2011.http://riesmaviovica.blogspot.com/2011/10/polycystic- ovary-syndrome-pcos.html
Santoso B, Widjiati and Muttaqin DA. 2008. Jurnal Pengaruh Lama Paparan Androgen terhadap Indeks Resistensi Insulin dan Kadar Asam Lemak Bebas pada Serum Tikus Model Sindroma Ovarium Polikistik
Shao J et al, 2004. Physical Activity / Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetic Care 27 (10): 2518- 2539
Samsulhadi. 2002. ‘Obesitas dan Kesehatan Reproduksi Wanita’ (Aplikasi Klinis berbasis moleculer) Dalam Tjokroprawiro A, Hendromartono,Sutjahyo Ari,Tandra A.National Obesity Simposium I,Hal 75-83
Subramanian R, Asmawi MZ, Sadikun A. 2008. ‘In vitro alpha-glucosidase and alphaamylase enzyme inhibitory effects of Andrographis paniculata extract and andrographolide’. Acta, J. Biochem. Pol.,55(2):391-398
Sriningsih, Adji SW, Sumaryono W, Wibowo AE, Caidir, Firdayani, Kusumaningrum S, Kartakusuma P. 2002. ‘Analisa Senyawa Golongan Flavonoid Herba Tempuyung’ (Sonchus arvensis L), JSTF. Hal 21-25
Salehi M, Bravo-Vera R, Sheik A,Goulier A, Poretsky L. 2004. ‘Patogenesis of Policystic Ovary Sindrome : what is the rule of obesity? Metabolism, 35: 358-76
Speroff L, Glass kase NG. 1999. ‘Anovulation and the Polycistic Ovary. In : Clinical Gynecological Endocrinology and Infertility’. 5th edition. Williams and Wilkins Baltimore. USA. pp 421 – 522
Speroff L FM. 2005. ‘Female infertility. In Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinolology and Infertility’.7th ed. Philadelphialippincott William & Wilkin pp 1014-67
Solomon CG. 1999. ‘The Epidemiology of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Prevalence and Associated Disease Risk’. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics, Vol. 28:2; 247-538
Sherwood, Lauralee . 2001.’Fisiologi Manusia dari Sel ke Sistem’. Jakarta : EGC
Syamsuhidayat SS, Hutapea JR. 1991. Inventaris tanaman obat Indonesia (1). Badan Pengembangan dan Penelitian Kesehatan. Departemen Kesehatan RI, Jakarta. Pp:54-55.
Sudiatso S. 2001. Diktat Pharmakognosy. Bogor : Jurusan Budidaya Pertanian Fakultas Pertanian, Institut pertanian bogor. Pp : 36-39.
The Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM – Sponsored Consensus Workshop Group Revised 2003 Consesnsus on Diagnostic Criteria and Long – term Helth Risks Related to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Fertility and Sterility. 81:1; 19-25
Taylor AE. 2000. ‘Insulin-Lowering Medications in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome’. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics, Vol. 27: 3
Thatcher SS. What is Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) News & Article Obgyn.net. http://www.obgyn.net/displayarticle.asp/pcos
Utami P dan Tim Lentera. 2003. Tanaman Obat untuk Mengatasi Diabetes Mellitus Cetakan Ketiga. Yogyakarta: PT. Agromedia
Wibudi A. 2006. Mekanisme kerja Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Nees) sebagai anti diabetes. [disertasi]. Bogor: Sekolah Pasca Sarjana IPB.
Wuragil DK. 2006. Potensi Ekstrak Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) Terhadap Kadar Glukosa Darah dan Keberadaan Tumor Nekrosis Faktor Alfa Pada Pankreas Tikus (Rattus norvegicus) Diabetes Hasil Paparan MLD-STZ. Skripsi Jurusan Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam. Malang: Universitas Brawijaya
Yeh HC, Futterweit W and Thornton JC. 1987. ‘Polycystic ovarian disease : US features in 104 patients’. Radiology, 163 : 111-622
Yulinah E, Sukrasno, Fitri MA. 2011, ‘Aktivitas Antidiabetika Ekstrak Etanol Herba Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Nees (Acanthaceae)’, JMS ITB Vol. 6
Published
2019-03-10
How to Cite
Hany Puspita Aryani, Budi Santoso, & Widjiati. (2019). PENGARUH KADAR INSULIN PADA RATTUS NORVEGICUS MODEL SOPK DENGAN RESISTENSI INSULIN YANG DIBERI EKSTRAK SAMBILOTO. Medica Majapahit (JURNAL ILMIAH KESEHATAN SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU KESEHATAN MAJAPAHIT), 11(1). Retrieved from https://ejournal.stikesmajapahit.ac.id/index.php/MM/article/view/278
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Articles
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